The passenger may be charged depending on the scenario:
Yes
The recipient's mobile phone is not turned on. - The message has been sent to the recipient's telecom service provider.
The recipient is unable to receive the message because their phone is outside network coverage. - The message has been sent to the recipient's telecom service provider.
The recipient's phone cannot accept the message because its memory is full. - The message has been sent to the recipient's telecom service provider.
The recipient is outside their telecom service provider's coverage area and his roaming agreement does not permit SMS messages to be forwarded. - The message has been sent to the recipient's telecom service provider.
No
The recipient's telecom service provider blocks air-to-ground messages.